A hypertensive emergency is an acute, marked elevation in blood pressure that is associated with signs of target-organ damage. These can include pulmonary edema, cardiac ischemia, neurologic deficits, acute renal failure, aortic dissection, and eclampsia. This activity reviews the cause and pathophysiology of hypertensive emergency and Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is characterized by hyperglycemia, acidosis, and ketonemia. It is a life-threatening complication of diabetes and typically seen in patients with type-1 diabetes mellitus, though it may also occur in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. In most cases, the trigger is new-onset diabetes, an infection, or a lack of compliance with treatment. Acute kidney injury is defined as an abrupt (within 48 hours) reduction in kidney function based on an elevation in serum creatinine level, a reduction in urine output, the need for renal Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined by a rapid increase in serum creatinine, decrease in urine output, or both. AKI occurs in approximately 10–15% of patients admitted to hospital, while its incidence in intensive care has been reported in more than 50% of patients. Kidney dysfunction or damage can occur over a longer period or follow AKI in a continuum with acute and chronic kidney disease Abstract. Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are inter-connected. While AKI-to-CKD transition has been intensively studied, the information of AKI on CKD is very limited. Nonetheless, AKI, when occurring in CKD patients, is known to be more severe and difficult to recover. CKD is associated with significant changes in Acute kidney injury (AKI) increases the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and AKI and CKD are seen as interconnected syndromes. Acute kidney disease (AKD) is defined as subacute damage and/or loss of kidney function occurring 7 to 90 days after AKI, during which period key interventions may be initiated to hinder the development of CKD. For each patient who was unfamiliar with the term “acute kidney injury,” interviewers read the medical definition of AKI and answered any subsequent questions. Many participants were confused by the term “injury,” thinking it related to being “punctured,” hit, in an accident, having a fall, or having an infection. Acute tubular necrosis ( ATN) is a medical condition involving the death of tubular epithelial cells that form the renal tubules of the kidneys. Because necrosis is often not present, the term acute tubular injury (ATI) is preferred by pathologists over the older name acute tubular necrosis (ATN). [1] ATN presents with acute kidney injury (AKI Acute kidney injury (AKI) is usually prerenal in cause, which will respond to fluid administration. The use of intravenous fluids must take into account the need to balance fluid replacement with the risk of. fluid overload. It is important to administer fluids to patients with dehydration and. hypovolaemia. The most common causes of elevated transaminase levels are nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease. Uncommon causes include drug-induced liver injury, hepatitis B and C, and RquImA.